@booklet {ball_as, title = {{\^a}{\texteuro}{\oe}As cold as ever I knew it.{\^a}{\texteuro} Joseph Colen, February 22nd, 1802. The Changing Climate of Manitoba}, year = {Submitted}, type = {misc}, url = {http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/changingclimate.shtml}, author = {Ball, Timothy} } @article {ball_instrumenta, title = {Instrumental temperature records at two sites in Central Canada: 1768 to 1910}, journal = {Climatic Change}, volume = {6}, year = {1984}, month = {mar}, pages = {39-56}, type = {article}, abstract = {As a result of affiliation between the Hudson{\textquoteright}s Bay Company and the Royal Society a relatively large number of instrumental temperature records are available from York Factory and Churchill Factory on the southwest of Hudson Bay beginning in 1768. The nature of these records, details of the instruments and information about the observers are presented. The major difficulty with the records is that the number of observations and the time of observation varied considerably. Adjustment factors were calculated for all of the combinations using a modern record maintained at the Churchill airport. By combining the Hudson{\textquoteright}s Bay Company record with data recorded by members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police after 1852, and up to 1910, a long and relatively continuous record of daily and monthly average temperatures has been created for Central Canada.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00141667}, author = {Ball, Timothy F. and Kingsley, Roger A.} } @article {ball_dramatic_19, title = {A Dramatic Change in the General Circulation on the West Coast of Hudson Bay in 1760 AD: Synoptic Evidence Based on Historic Records}, journal = {Syllogeus}, volume = {55}, year = {1985}, type = {article}, author = {Ball, Timothy} } @article {ball_climate_199, title = {Climate of Two Locations on the Southwestern Corner of Hudson Bay: A.D. 1720-1729}, journal = {International Journal of Climatology}, volume = {14}, year = {1994}, type = {article}, author = {Ball, Timothy} } @article {ball_preliminary, title = {Preliminary Analysis of Early Instrumental Temperature Records from York Factory and Churchill Factory}, journal = {Syllogeus}, volume = {49}, year = {Submitted}, type = {article}, author = {Ball, Timothy} } @article {ball_migration_1, title = {The migration of geese as an indicator of climate change in the southern Hudson Bay region between 1715 and 1851}, journal = {Climatic Change}, volume = {5}, year = {1983}, month = {mar}, pages = {85-93}, type = {article}, abstract = {Abstract Observations and records maintained by the Hudson{\textquoteright}s Bay Company at York Factory and Churchill Factory on Hudson Bay between 1714 and 1825, serve as the source of information for a study of changes in the date of arrival of geese as a phonological indicator of climatic change. Changes in the migration pattern of geese are reflected in the changing date of arrival at the same location over a long period of time. Variations in this date are determined to be a function of southerly or tailwinds in the northward spring migration. }, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02423429}, author = {Ball, Timothy} } @book {bradley_climate_, title = {Climate Since A.D. 1500}, year = {1992}, note = {Physical descrip: xv, 679 p. : ill., maps ; 26 cm Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references and index Added title: Climate since AD 1500}, type = {book}, address = {London ; New York}, keywords = {Climatic changes, Paleoclimatology}, isbn = {0415075939}, author = {Bradley, Raymond S. and Jones, Philip D} } @article {catchpole_severe, title = {Severe summer ice in Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay following major volcanic eruptions, 1751 to 1889 A.D.}, journal = {Climatic Change}, volume = {14}, year = {1989}, month = {feb}, pages = {61-79}, type = {article}, abstract = {Indices of summer sea ice severity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have been reconstructed from sailing ships{\textquoteright} log-books. The ice record for Hudson Strait extends from 1751 to 1889. Ice records are available for two parts of Hudson Bay and these extend from 1751 to 1870. The three records were derived from the same sources but the method of derivation applied in the bay was different to that applied in the strait. The years having the five largest ice indices in each of these records were identified. Also identified were the years in which major volcanic eruptions occurred between 1751 and 1889. The number of concurrences between the years with severe ice in Hudson Strait and the years with major eruptions was significant at the 99.5\% level. In the western part of Hudson Bay this significance level was 95\%. The years with severe ice in eastern Hudson Bay did not concur with major eruptions.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00140175}, author = {Catchpole, A. J. W. and Hanuta, Irene} } @article {catchpole_histor, title = {Historical Evidence of Climatic Change in Western and Northern Canada}, journal = {Syllogeus}, volume = {26}, year = {1980}, type = {article}, author = {Catchpole, A. J. W.} } @article {catchpole_ships_, title = {Ships{\textquoteright} Log-books, Sea Ice and the Cold Summer of 1816 in Hudson Bay and Its Approaches}, journal = {Arctic}, volume = {38}, year = {1985}, type = {article}, author = {Catchpole, A. J. W.} } @article {catchpole_measur, title = {Measuring Summer Sea Ice Severity in Eastern Hudson Bay, 1751-1870}, journal = {Canadian Geographer}, volume = {31}, year = {1987}, pages = {233-244}, type = {article}, author = {Catchpole, A. J. W.} } @article {catchpole_summer, title = {Summer sea ice severity in Hudson Strait, 1751{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textquotedblleft}1870}, journal = {Climatic Change}, volume = {5}, year = {1983}, month = {jun}, pages = {115-139}, type = {article}, abstract = {Abstract Annual indices of sea ice severity in Hudson Strait, for the period 1751 to 1870, are derived from written historical evidence contained in ships{\textquoteright} log-books. These logs were all kept on Hudson{\textquoteright}s Bay Company ships sailing from London to the Company{\textquoteright}s trading posts. The log-books are homogeneous in nature and this property facilitates their numerical interpretation. The annual indices are subjected to face validity testing which indicates that they may plausibly be accepted as measures of sea ice severity. The results are examined in relation to the presentday behaviour of sea ice in Hudson Strait and they provide evidence that the summer severity of ice conditions is mainly determined by atmospheric circulation conditions. }, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02423486}, author = {Catchpole, A. and Faurer, Marcia-Anne} } @mastersthesis {martin__archives, title = {Archives, historical climate records, and the climate observations of Thomas Corcoran, Hudson{\textquoteright}s Bay Company, 1827--1841}, year = {2005}, pages = {105}, school = {University of Manitoba}, type = {phdthesis}, author = {Comeau, Martin} } @article {darrigo_northern, title = {Northern North American Tree-Ring Evidence for Regional Temperature Changes after Major Volcanic Events}, journal = {Climatic Change}, volume = {41}, year = {1999}, pages = {1-15}, type = {article}, abstract = {Maximum latewood density data from trees at thirteen temperature-sensitive sites along the northern treeline of North America are used to evaluate the spatial patterns of response to four known volcanic events just prior to the period of modern observations: in 1640, 1783, 1815 and 1835. A previously unknown event is also postulated for 1699. This tree-ring density parameter is used because it shows a stronger and more consistent short-term, temperature-related volcanic signal than ring width. Normalized density departures following these events vary in sign and magnitude from region to region, with the coldest summer conditions inferred for the Northwest Territories in 1641, Alaska in 1783, Quebec and Labrador in 1816 and the Northwest Territories in 1836. For these as well as other events, low density values are often among the most extreme on record at their respective locations. We suggest that these regional variations in tree growth reflect cooling induced by volcanism and the distribution of cooling influenced by atmospheric circulation patterns.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005370210796}, author = {D{\textquoteright}Arrigo, Rosanne D. and Jacoby, Gordon C.} } @article {grumet_variabili, title = {Variability of Sea-Ice Extent in Baffin Bay over the Last Millennium}, journal = {Climatic Change}, volume = {49}, year = {2001}, month = {apr}, pages = {129-145}, type = {article}, abstract = {Comparison of an ice core glaciochemical time-series developed from thePenny Ice Cap (PIC), Baffin Island and monthly sea-ice extent reveals astatisticallysignificant inverse relationship between changes in Baffin Bay spring sea-iceextent andPenny Ice Cap sea-salt concentrations for the period 1901{\^a}{\texteuro}{\textquotedblleft}1990 AD.Empiricalorthogonal function analysis demonstrates the joint behavior between changesin PICsea-salt concentrations, sea-ice extent, and changes in North Atlanticatmosphericcirculation. Our results suggest that sea-salt concentrations in snowpreserved on thePIC reflect local to regional springtime sea-ice coverage. The PIC sea-saltrecord/sea-ice relationship is further supported by decadal and century scalecomparisonwith other paleoclimate records of eastern Arctic climate change over the last700 years. Our sea-salt record suggests that, while the turn of the century wascharacterized bygenerally milder sea-ice conditions in Baffin Bay, the last few decades ofsea-ice extentlie within Little Ice Age variability and correspond to instrumental recordsof lowertemperatures in the Eastern Canadian Arctic over the past three decades.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010794528219}, author = {Grumet, Nancy and Wake, Cameron and Mayewski, Paul and Zielinski, Gregory and Whitlow, Sallie and Koerner, Roy and Fisher, David and Woollett, James} } @book {harington_climat, title = {Climatic Change in Canada: National Museum of Natural Sciences Project on Climatic Change in Canada During the Past 20,000 Years}, year = {1980}, note = {Physical descrip: 5 v. : ill. ; 28 cm Series: Syllogeus ; no. 26 Series: Syllogeus ; no. 33 Series: Syllogeus ; no. 49 Series: Syllogeus ; no. 51 Series: Syllogeus ; no. 55 General Note: Vol. 5 has subtitle: Critical periods in the quaternary climatic history of northern North America General Note: Vol. 4 edited by C.R. Harington and G. Rice Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references Local note: Alberta Geological Survey Library has no. 26, 49, 51, 55 Series: (Syllogeus,ISSN0704-576X ; no. 26, 33, 49, 51, 55)}, type = {book}, address = {Ottawa}, keywords = {Canada, Climatic changes, Climatology}, author = {Harington, C. R. (Charles Richard) and Rice, G. and of Natural Sciences (Canada), National Museum} } @book {harington_year_1, title = {The Year Without a Summer?: World Climate in 1816}, year = {1992}, note = {Physical descrip: 576 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references and index Summary: The objective of the meeting was, by bringing together workers in various fields (e.g., volcanologists, glaciologists, climatologists, tree-ring experts, geographers, historians and biologists) from various countries, to gain the clearest picture possible of weather and climatic sequences in different parts of the world during 1816, or about that time (e.g., 1810-20), in an effort to discover key factors influencing the unusual weather then. Intended to discuss historical climate (particularly that of the Little Ice Age) and its human impact; relationships between volcanism and climate; and the ways paleoclimatic proxy data are gathered, treated and interpreted Added title: World climate in 1816 Govt Canada class: NM95-20/1 1991-E}, type = {book}, address = {Ottawa}, keywords = {1815, Case studies, Effect of volcanic eruptions on, Eruption, Mount (Indonesia), Tambora, Weather}, isbn = {0660130637}, author = {Harington, C. R. and of Nature, Canadian Museum} } @booklet {moodie_environme, title = {Environmental Data from Historical Documents by Content Analysis: Freeze-up}, year = {1975}, publisher = {University of Manitoba, Department of Geography}, type = {misc}, author = {Moodie, D. W and Catchpole, A. J. W.} } @article {rannie_breakup_1, title = {Breakup and freezeup of the Red River at Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada in the 19th century and some climatic implications}, journal = {Climatic Change}, volume = {5}, year = {1983}, pages = {283-296}, type = {article}, abstract = {Abstract Breakup and freezeup dates for the Red River at Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, were compiled from archival sources for the period from 1815 to the beginning of published data in 1908. Median 19th C dates of freezeup and break-up were 12 and 10 days earlier and later respectively than during the 20th C, and the average {\^a}{\texteuro}\~{}ice-in{\^a}{\texteuro}{\texttrademark} season was nearly three weeks longer. Correlation of breakup and freezeup dates with spring and fall temperatures suggests that both seasons were about 25 C cooler in the 19th C than in the 20th. The change appears to have occurred rapidly at the end of the 19th C. }, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02423523}, author = {Rannie, W.} } @article {slonosky_meteoro, title = {The meteorological observations of Jean-Francois Gaultier, Quebec, Canada: 1742-56}, journal = {Journal of Climate}, volume = {16}, year = {2003}, month = {jul}, type = {article}, author = {Slonosky, Victoria} } @mastersthesis {teillet_reconstr, title = {A reconstruction of summer sea ice conditions in the Labrador sea using Hudson{\textquoteright}s Bay Company ships{\textquoteright} log-books, 1751 to 1870.}, year = {1988}, school = {University of Manitoba}, type = {phdthesis}, author = {Teillet, John Vincent} } @book {tompkins_histori, title = {Historical Climatology of the Southern Yukon: Paleclimatic Reconstruction Using Documentary Sources from 1842-1852}, year = {2006}, publisher = {s.n.}, organization = {s.n.}, type = {book}, address = {Kingston, Ont}, isbn = {9780494154304}, author = {Tompkins, Heather and Queen{\textquoteright}s University (Kingston, Ont. )} } @mastersthesis {volek_mid-winter, title = {Mid-winter thaws in the James Bay region, 1705-1992}, year = {1996}, school = {University of Manitoba}, type = {phdthesis}, author = {Volek, John Vincent} }